Edward, Baron Shackleton 1911-1994
Edward, Baron Shackleton 1911-1994

The tradition of independent review of terrorism legislation stretches back to the 1970s. Between 1978 and 1984, reviews of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Acts and the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Acts were carried out by Lord Shackleton, Earl Jellicoe and Sir George Baker.

The Jellicoe Report of 1983 remarked that the annual renewal debates ‘have not, on the whole, received the Parliamentary time that they merit’.  In order to ensure that those debates were better informed, an annual review was instituted. As explained to the House of Lords by Home Office Minister Lord Elton on 8 March 1984, the Independent Reviewer’s function would be to look at the use made of the statutory powers relating to terrorism, and to consider, for example, whether any change in the pattern of their use needed to be drawn to the attention of Parliament.

The Independent Reviewer was to have access to all relevant papers, including sensitive security information and ministerial correspondence. He or she would not be a judge, but ‘a person whose reputation would lend authority to his conclusions, because some of the information which led him to his conclusions would not be published’. Between 1984 and 2001, annual reports were produced by Sir Cyril Phillips, Viscount Colville and JJ Rowe QC.

Lord Lloyd of Berwick
Lord Lloyd of Berwick

In 1995 the government asked the Rt Hon. the Lord Lloyd of Berwick PC, a serving law lord, to consider the future need for specific counter-terrorism legislation in the United Kingdom, and to make recommendations. The inquiry report, Inquiry into Legislation against Terrorism, published in October 1996, concluded that ‘there will continue to be a need for permanent anti-terrorist legislation’ even in the event of peace in Northern Ireland, and made a number of recommendations, including on the law regarding intercept as evidence, arrest and detention, stop and search, port powers, terrorist finance, sanctions and sentencing. Many of those recommendations found their way into the Terrorism Act 2000

 

Lord Carlile of Berriew
Lord Carlile of Berriew

On 11 September 2001, a few hours before the attacks on the World Trade Centre, Lord Carlile of Berriew CBE QC agreed to accept appointment as the Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation. As terrorist offences and counter-terrorism powers proliferated over the ensuing decade, the profile of the role increased.  It was first put on a statutory basis in relation to control orders under the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005, and is now referred to in a number of different statutes.

Lord Carlile held the position for more than nine years, until he was replaced by David Anderson QC on 21 February 2011.

 

 

David Anderson Q.C.
David Anderson Q.C.

David Anderson QC was in post for 6 years, until February 2017, during which time he is widely seen as having updated and defined the role of Independent Reviewer. In 2015 David Anderson QC reported on investigatory powers in his seminal report ‘A Question of Trust’ which laid the foundations for the Investigatory Powers Act 2016, and after his term of office expired was commissioned by the Government to carry out a series of influential reviews of reforms to the UK’s counter-terrorism machinery following the 2017 attacks in London and Manchester. In June 2018 he was elevated to the House of Lords as Lord Anderson of Ipswich as a cross-bench peer, from where he continues to speak on counter-terrorism legislation and allied matters.

 

Max Hill QC
Max Hill Q.C.

On 1 March 2017 Max Hill QC was appointed as Independent Reviewer, weeks before the first of the 2017 attacks, the Westminster Bridge attack (22 March 2017).

Max Hill QC carried out two annual reviews, as well as individual reports on the Westminster Bridge and London Bridge attacks and their aftermath. In October 2018, Max Hill QC was appointed as Director of Public Prosecutions and left his role as Independent Reviewer.

 

 

I was appointed as Independent Reviewer following a public appointment competition on 23 May 2019.

Changes introduced by the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 increased the range of the Independent Reviewer’s work, given him increased flexibility as to how it is to be performed and provided for the creation of a Privacy and Civil Liberties Board (PCLB) in order to advise and assist the Independent Reviewer under his direction and control.  David Anderson QC commented on the changes here.  It was decided after the General Election of May 2015 not to bring forward Regulations establishing the PCLB, but to give the Independent Reviewer some extra support.

A useful archive of Independent Reviewers’ reports from 1978 to the present day is on this external site, with thanks to Mitch Hanley and the University of Harvard.  The site includes Terrorism Acts reports since 2001 but not reports on control orders, TPIMs, asset-freezing &c., which can be found here.

A more extensive history of the Independent Reviewer’s role (together with some comments on its influence) was published in February 2014 in a working paper which forms the basis of articles now published in [2014] Public Law 403-420 and (with less historical detail) in the New European Journal of Criminal Law.

The first female and minority ethnic Independent Reviewer(s) are still awaited.