The Independent Reviewer’s role is to inform the public and political debate on anti-terrorism law in the United Kingdom. I do this in the regular reports that are prepared for the Home Secretary or Treasury and then laid before Parliament, in evidence to parliamentary committees, in articles and speeches, in media interviews and debates, in posts on this website and via twitter (@terrorwatchdog).
The uniqueness of the role lies in its complete independence from government, coupled with access based on a very high degree of clearance to secret and sensitive national security information and personnel.
In performing the role I read extensively and speak to the widest possible range of people with experience of how anti-terrorism law operates, ranging from Ministers, security and intelligence chiefs and police to those who are stopped, arrested and detained. I travel around the country, including in particular to Northern Ireland, and take evidence abroad where this can assist my reviews.
A speech (February 2014) given by David Anderson KC on the role of the Independent Reviewer was adapted into articles for the July 2014 edition of the journal Public Law and the December 2014 edition of the New Journal of European Criminal Law. It describes the nature of the Independent Reviewer’s influence, both directly on Government and in conjunction with other channels including, notably, Parliament and the courts.
In 2022, a debate between Jonathan Hall KC and his Australian counterpart, the Independent National Security Legislation Monitor, led to an article on the role of the Independent Reviewer, and international comparisons, in the June 2022 edition of the journal Judicial Review.
- Statutory functions
- Non-statutory functions
- Working arrangements
- Special adviser
- What the reviewer does not do
1. Statutory functions
Terrorism Acts
Annual review of the operation of the Terrorism Act 2000 and Part 1 of the Terrorism Act 2006 is required by section 36 of the 2006 Act. The reviews cover the calendar year and are accessible on this website.
The Terrorism Acts review covers:
- definition of terrorism
- proscribed organisations
- terrorist property
- terrorist investigations
- arrest and detention
- stop and search
- port and border controls
- terrorist offences
Since August 2012, it has included a specific power to monitor the conditions of detention of persons detained for more than 48 hours under section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000. In recognition of this duty, it was announced on 12 January 2017 that the Independent Reviewer had been added to the National Preventive Mechanism which states party to the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) are obliged to establish for the purpose of carrying out visits to places of detention in order to prevent torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Since the entry into force of the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015, I have been relieved of the obligation to review the Terrorism Act 2006 on an annual basis. I have no plans however to alter the existing arrangement, under which the two Terrorism Acts are reviewed together every year.
TPIMs
Annual review of the operation of the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011 was required by section 20 of that Act. The Act replaced the system of control orders in the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005. It allows a series of constraints, reviewable in the courts, to be placed in the interests of public protection on persons whom the Home Secretary believes to have been involved in terrorism-related activity.
Reviews covered the calendar year and were published in March of 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. They can be found here. The Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 gave me more flexibility over the timing and content of reports, and would allow me for example to review executive orders on a broader, thematic basis. In practice, each of my last 4 annual reports have contained a review of TPIMs in force during that year.
Asset-Freezing
Annual review of the Terrorist Asset-Freezing etc. Act 2010 (Part 1) was required by section 31 of that Act. The Act, which implements UN Security Council Resolution 1373, gives the Treasury power to freeze the assets of individuals and groups believed to have been involved in terrorism, and to deprive them of access to financial resources.
Reviews cover the year to 17 September and were published in December 2011, 2012 and 2013 and March 2015. David Anderson QC’s reports on terrorist asset-freezing are here.
Following the repeal of the 2010 Act by the Sanctions and Anti Money-Laundering Act 2018, Jonathan Hall KC was appointed by HM Treasury to review the UK’s domestic counter-terrorism autonomous sanctions. His report on the Counter-Terrorism (Sanctions) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 is here. A review on the UK’s international counter-terrorism autonomous sanctions has been commissioned by the Foreign Secretary.
ATCSA 2001, CTA 2008, CTSA 2015
By section 44 of the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015, my functions were enlarged so as to allow me to report on the operation of three other statutes, in whole or in part: the Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001, the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 and the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015.
Immigration Act 2014
David Anderson QC was asked to produce the report required by statute into the operation (in the year to July 2015) of the exercise of the Home Secretary’s power under the Immigration Act 2014 section 66 to deprive naturalised British citizens who are not dual nationals of their citizenship. That report was submitted to Government in March 2016.
Other statutory functions
Other statutory functions that may in the future have to be performed by the Independent Reviewer are:
- advising whether the system of TPIMs should continue beyond 2016: Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011, section 21
- advising whether the system of Enhanced TPIMs should continue more than two years after its introduction (should it be introduced): Draft Enhanced Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Bill, clause 9
- reporting or commissioning a report on any detention prior to charge in excess of 14 days (should the law be changed so as to permit such detentions): section 36 of the Terrorism Act 2006
2. Non-statutory functions
One-off reports
The Independent Reviewer may at the request of Ministers or on his own initiative conduct reviews and produce reports on specific issues. “Snapshot” reports, presented to Ministers and laid before Parliament, or published by the Independent Reviewer on this website, have included:
- the Definition of Terrorism (Lord Carlile: June 2007)
- Operation Pathway (Lord Carlile: October 2009)
- Operation GIRD (David Anderson: May 2011)
- Westminster Bridge Attack (Max Hill: Feb 2018)
- Schedule 7/Lauren Southern (Max Hill: Oct 2018)
- Terrorism in Prisons (Jonathan Hall: April 2022)
- Schedule 7/Ernest Moret (Jonathan Hall: July 2023)
David Anderson KC was appointed under section 7 of the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014 to conduct a review of investigatory powers by May 2015: his report A Question of Trust was published in June 2015. In June 2023 Lord Anderson published his review of the resulting Investigatory Powers Act 2016.
Following the Fishmonger’s Hall attack in 2019, Jonathan Hall KC was asked by the Justice Secretary to report on the management of released terrorist risk offenders: his report on statutory Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements was published in May 2020.
Evidence to Parliament
The Independent Reviewer is frequently called upon to give written and/or oral evidence to Parliamentary Committees. Since 2011 these have included:
- Home Affairs Select Committee (prevention of violent radicalisation, Pursue, TPIMs, Schedule 7, Prevent, Protect Duty)
- European Affairs Committee (EU criminal justice opt-out)
- Joint Committee on Human Rights (justice and security, TPIMs, my functions generally, countering extremism)
- Joint Bill Committee (detention of terrorist suspects)
- Joint Bill Committee (enhanced TPIMs)
- Joint Bill Committee (protection of charities)
- Joint Bill Committee (draft Investigatory Powers Bill)
- Public Bill Committee (Investigatory Powers Bill, Counter-Terrorism Sentencing Bill, National Security Bill)
The evidence David Anderson KC gave to Parliamentary Committees is collected here.
Articles and speeches
When time permits, the Independent Reviewer seeks to inform the debate on anti-terrorism law and civil liberties by talking to the media, participating in the training of police and independent custody visitors, speaking at security and academic conferences and (in his own time) writing articles and speaking at universities and schools.
A selection of papers, lectures, handouts and interviews is here.
3. Working arrangements
The post is part-time and not pensionable. The Reviewer is paid for his time at a standard daily rate by the Home Office or, in relation to his asset-freezing work, the Treasury and Foreign Office. In 2013, the post was classified as a Public Appointment. The appointment is for three years, renewable for a further three years.
A room and administrative assistance is provided for the Independent Reviewer within the Office of Security and Counter-Terrorism, part of the Home Office. The room is used on an occasional basis for meetings and for the review and storage of secret material. However as a member of the independent Bar, I remain based in my own Chambers in central London. I currently have no staff or assistants, though I receive considerable administrative support from my clerks in Chambers and (where meetings and trips arranged with Government are concerned) from the Home Office. The functions of my Senior Special Adviser is referred to below. From my budget I also intend to pay for ad hoc and, in connection with writing my Reports, ongoing research assistance from colleagues at the Bar.
Independent Reviewers have travelled widely within the United Kingdom, including regularly to Northern Ireland, to observe the operation of the anti-terrorism laws and to meet those enforcing them or affected by them. Past Independent Reviewers have travelled to the US, Denmark, the Netherlands, Brussels, Strasbourg, Israel, and the Occupied Palestinian territories, Sweden and Australia to observe and discuss issues relevant to their reviews.
4. Special Advisers
Since 2011 Clive Walker, Emeritus Professor of Criminal Justice Studies at the School of Law, University of Leeds, has served as Special Adviser (and then Senior Special Adviser) to the Independent Reviewer. In that capacity, he produces regular bulletins of reading matter relevant to the Independent Reviewer’s functions, and may also assist on specific projects. Professor Walker is one of the foremost experts on anti-terrorism law. His current books include Terrorism and the Law (Oxford University Press, 2011), Blackstone’s Guide to the Anti-Terrorism Legislation (Blackstone, 2014) and Routledge Handbook of Law and Terrorism (Routledge, 2015).
On my appointment in May 2019, Clive Walker agreed to continue as my Senior Special Adviser.
5. What the Independent Reviewer does not do
Though I am always grateful for contact with members of the public who have something to say that is relevant to my tasks, I cannot investigate or provide redress in respect of particular incidents.
Time does not permit me to assist students with their dissertations, to review their proposals or to press their case for access to confidential material or access, though I hope they may find material of value on this site.
The Independent Reviewer is not subject to the Freedom of Information Act, and does not engage in public tendering for goods or services.
The Independent Reviewer’s responsibilities in relation to terrorism extend to Northern Ireland: but public order matters under the Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007 are the responsibility of a separate Northern Ireland Reviewer. Robert Whalley CB performed that role until January 2014, and was succeeded from 1 February 2014 by David Seymour CB, and from 2021 by Professor Marie Breen-Smyth.
The functions of the Independent Reviewer are distinct from those of the Investigatory Powers Commissioner (Rt.Hon. Sir Brian Leveson).